home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
-
-
- The Japanese economy, rebuilt from post-Second World War
- ruins, was the world's second largest economy in 1990.
- Persistently huge external trade imbalances have evoked
- steadily mounting international economic and political
- pressures on Japan to adopt policies that accelerate
- structural adjustment. Frustrated trading partners point
- out that Japan is also home to inefficient transport,
- agricultural, construction, and distribution sectors which
- are sheltered from foreign competition. Transition to
- greater competition in these sectors is under way -- too
- slow to satisfy trading partners, but remarkably rapid in
- Japanese eyes.
-
- Imports into Japan are increasing, and the share of
- imported manufactured goods has risen from about 20 percent
- in 1982 to about 48 percent in 1990 (SITC categories 5-8).
- Japanese external balances, after a four-year upward
- spiral, declined in yen terms in 1987, and in dollar terms
- since 1988.
-
- Following Japan's reversal of its easy monetary policy in
- late 1989, a climb in interest rates brought capital costs
- from historic lows to levels more comparable with those in
- the United States. Together with a change in expectations
- of earnings, the higher interest rates prompted reduced net
- capital outflows from Japan. Japanese monetary policy
- tightening coincided with two distinct periods of broad
- equity market depreciation, the first in the early spring
- of 1990 and the latter following the Iraqi invasion of
- Kuwait in August 1990.
-
- Japan has pursued relatively tight fiscal policies since
- 1982 to constrain growth in government debt, which had
- expanded to about 35 percent of nominal Gross National
- Product (GNP) in that year. However, under pressure from
- other Group of Seven (G-7) countries to contribute to the
- reduction of international imbalances, the Japanese
- Government in June 1987 initiated a $35 billion multisector
- public works spending package and followed up with tax cuts
- worth about $10 billion. Building on economic growth which
- began late in 1986, the package helped to reduce fiscal
- drag on the economy. In the June 1990 report on the
- U.S.-Japan Structural Impediments Initiative (SII)
- Agreement, the Japanese Government agreed to formulate a
- ten-year plan to boost social infrastructure spending
- significantly.
-
- In cooperation with the United States, Japan is playing a
- leading role in increasing Official Development Assistance
- (ODA) flows, and became the world's largest donor in 1990.
- Japan has committed to double ODA to at least $50 billion
- over the five-year period from 1988 to 1992 and to improve
- the quality of that aid by boosting the share of grant and
- untied aid.
-
- Japan ended most foreign exchange controls in the 1970s,
- culminating in a major simplification of the Foreign
- Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law in 1980. Currently,
- pursuant to the international understanding launched under
- the 1985 Plaza Accord and refined since then, Japan
- actively coordinates economic policies with the United
- States and its other G-7 partners. The appreciation of the
- yen since 1985 has increased the price competitiveness of
- American products and is contributing to the reduction of
- Japan's enormous external trade imbalances. At this point,
- although import price reductions have had some impact in
- moderating domestic price levels, there remains room for
- further improvement in terms of benefits for consumers.
- This situation could stimulate additional demand for
- imports.
-
-